Published on Friday, 07 June 2019
Abstract
Pituitary growth hormone (GH) is essential for postnatal growth in animals.
GH exerts its actions by direct effect on target organs and by stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). At the tissue level, the pleiotropic actions of GH result from the interaction of GH with a specific cell surface receptor, the GH receptor (GHR). The GHR belongs to the hematopoietic receptor superfamily. The human GHR is the product of a single gene located on chromosome 5p13.1-p12 and spans at least 87 kb.
Transcripts from this gene are characterized by the presence of disparate 5' untranslated exons. In the liver at least eight different GHR 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) have been described. This heterogeneity in the 5' UTR most likely results from the splicing of the various exon 1 fragments to a common splice site located 11 bp upstream of the initiating ATG. Heterogeneity in the 5' UTR sequences of the GHR transcripts indicates that transcriptional control of the locus is complex.
GHR gene expression is minimal to absent in the fetus, with the postnatal increase in expression in the liver being maximal during pregnancy. GHR gene expression is also regulated by factors such as nutritional intake, GH, steroid hormones, and diabetes mellitus. Available information about the molecular mechanisms regulating expression of the GHR gene is discussed. Thus the GHR gene presents a picture of multiple 5' untranslated exons under the control of multiple promoters. The use of alternate promoters for initiation of transcription in conjunction with differential splicing allows for exquisite regulation of gene expression.
This schema is appropriate for a protein that is essential to many of the physiological processes that are crucial for the survival and well-being of the organism.
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See also:
- Official Web Site: The Di Bella Method;
- Somatostatin in oncology, the overlooked evidences - In vitro, review and in vivo publications;
- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Somatostatin, Octreotide, Sandostatin LAR, analogues and/or derivatives);
- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Bromocriptine and/or Cabergoline);
- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Cyclophosphamide 50mg tablets and/or Hydroxyurea 500mg tablets, one or two per day);
- The Synergism of Somatostatin, Melatonin, Vitamins Prolactin and Estrogen Inhibitors Increased Survival, Objective Response and Performance Status In 297 Cases of Breast Cancer;
- Complete objective response, stable for 5 years, with the Di Bella Method, of multiple-metastatic carcinoma of the breast;
- Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the first-line treatment with somatostatin combined with melatonin, retinoids, vitamin D3, and low doses of cyclophosphamide in 20 cases of breast cancer: a preliminary report;
- The Di Bella Method (DBM) improved survival, objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 122 cases of breast cancer;
- Complete objective response to biological therapy of plurifocal breast carcinoma;
- Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme (grade IV – WHO 2007): a case of complete objective response achieved by means of the concomitant administration of Somatostatin and Octreotide – Retinoids – Vitamin E – Vitamin D3 – Vitamin C – Melatonin – D2 R agonists (Di Bella Method – DBM) associated with Temozolomide;
- The Di Bella Method DBM improved survival objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 23 tumours of the head and neck;
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Long-Lasting Remission with Combination of Cyclophosphamide, Somatostatin, Bromocriptine, Retinoids, Melatonin, and ACTH;
- Somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with low performance status;
- Somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and low performance status;
- Observations on the Report of a case of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with lymph node, hepatic and osseus metastasis;
- Pleural Mesothelioma: clinical records on 11 patients treated with Di Bella's Method;
- Malignant pleural mesothelioma, stage T3-T4. Consideration of a case study;
- Excellent result in a Mesothelioma case treated exclusively with Di Bella Method for over 4 years and still treatment with positive results;
- A case of advanced Multiple Myeloma treated with Di Bella Method (DBM) into total remission for 13 years;
- Neuroblastoma: Complete objective response to biological treatment;
- Cyclophosphamide plus Somatostatin, Bromocriptin, Retinoids, Melatonin and ACTH in the Treatment of Low-grade Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas at Advanced Stage: Results of a Phase II Trial;
- Relapse of High-Grade Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma After Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: A Case Successfully Treated With Cyclophosphamide Plus Somatostatin, Bromocriptine, Melatonin, Retinoids, and ACTH;
- Low-grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma at Advanced Stage: A Case Successfully Treated With Cyclophosphamide Plus Somatostatin, Bromocriptine, Retinoids, and Melatonin;
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- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Stage III-B-E: a Case Report;
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- Congenital fibrosarcoma in complete remission with Somatostatin, Retinoids, Vitamin D3, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Melatonin, Calcium, Chondroitin sulfate associated with low doses of Cyclophosphamide in a 14-year Follow Up.
