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Biological action of melatonin on target receptors in breast cancer

Published on Tuesday, 21 May 2024

Abstract

Melatonin is a hormone involved in the body's circadian rhythms, acting through receptors and distinct second messenger pathways to regulate the cell cycle, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, DNA repair, and tumor suppression.

In vitro and in vivo studies showed that melatonin may prevent DNA damage and tumor growth and be related to the modulation and gene expression of estrogen, leading to a protective effect against breast cancer due to its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticarcinogenic properties.

High artificial exposure to light at night is related to an increased risk of breast cancer [relative risk (RR)=1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.23], and the risk of breast cancer was reduced by 14% after melatonin treatment (RR=0.86, 95%CI 0.78–0.95), with a linear dose–response trend (p=0.003).

Some studies suggest that melatonin's antioncogenic properties are due to its angiogenesis and apoptosis properties, which prevent tumor growth in breast cancer cells2. Another mechanism is the inhibition of human breast cancer growth by inhibiting tumor metabolism through phospho-activation of the receptor kinases Ak strain transforming (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and transcription factors.

This review seeks to synthesize the available studies and evidence related to the influence of melatonin on breast cancer to better understand this hormone's role in the prevention, treatment, or control of this disease.

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About this publication.

The Di Bella's Method: Use of Melatonin and pseudo-Metronomic Chemotherapy (together with others chemical compounds) in Breast Cancer:

- The Synergism of Somatostatin, Melatonin, Vitamins Prolactin and Estrogen Inhibitors Increased Survival, Objective Response and Performance Status In 297 Cases of Breast Cancer;

- Complete objective response, stable for 5 years, with the Di Bella Method, of multiple-metastatic carcinoma of the breast;

- Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the first-line treatment with somatostatin combined with melatonin, retinoids, vitamin D3, and low doses of cyclophosphamide in 20 cases of breast cancer: a preliminary report;

- The Di Bella Method (DBM) improved survival, objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 122 cases of breast cancer;

- Complete objective response to biological therapy of plurifocal breast carcinoma;

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Melatonin tablets. From 30-40mg/day up to 200mg/day orally in patients with advanced stage of cancer disease and/or patients without respond to traditional treatments);

- Melatonin use in cancer patients have started in 1974, when melatonin prepared according to Prof. Di Bella’s formulation [...]. For 11 days was administered to the patient, admitted to the general medical ward at the Maggiore-Pizzardi Hospital in Bologna, very slowly (over approx. 8 hours) and intravenously administered 1000 mg of melatonin for 11 days. During the course of each day, the patient was intravenously administered 4 saline drips of 500 ml, each containing ten 25 mg bottles of freeze-dried melatonin, lasting 2 hours, totaling 1000 mg per day. No other drug of any kind was administered in order to ascertain the effect of the MLT without interference [...]. From Melatonin with adenosine solubilized in water and stabilized with glycine for oncological treatment - technical preparation, effectivity and clinical findings;

- About Melatonin - In vitro, review and in vivo publications;

- Publication: Melatonin anticancer effects: Review (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication: Key aspects of melatonin physiology: 30 years of research (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Cyclophosphamide 50mg tablets and/or Hydroxyurea 500mg tablets, one or two per day);

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Calcium, 2 grams per day, orally);

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Somatostatin, Octreotide, Sandostatin LAR, analogues and/or derivatives);

- Somatostatin in oncology, the overlooked evidences - In vitro, review and in vivo publications;

- Publication, 2018 Jul: Over-Expression of GH/GHR in Breast Cancer and Oncosuppressor Role of Somatostatin as a Physiological Inhibitor (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2018 Sep: The over-expression of GH/GHR in tumour tissues with respect to healthy ones confirms its oncogenic role and the consequent oncosuppressor role of its physiological inhibitor, somatostatin: a review of the literature (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2019 Aug: The Entrapment of Somatostatin in a Lipid Formulation: Retarded Release and Free Radical Reactivity (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2019 Sep: Effects of Somatostatin and Vitamin C on the Fatty Acid Profile of Breast Cancer Cell Membranes (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2019 Sep: Effects of somatostatin, curcumin, and quercetin on the fatty acid profile of breast cancer cell membranes (from Di Bella's Foundation);