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Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Tumor Characteristics in Breast Cancer Patients

Published on Monday, 22 July 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women worldwide, but there is little literature regarding the effects of vitamin D on breast cancer patients in the Indian population. Hence, this study was planned to determine the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and tumor characteristics in breast cancer patients.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary healthcare facility in central India among all newly diagnosed patients with breast carcinoma who had received primary surgery and pathological confirmation. We performed universal sampling and included 50 patients in the study. We excluded patients with insufficient histopathological reports, those unfit for surgery, and those with hepatic or renal failure, metabolic bone disease, malabsorption, or recent consumption of vitamin D (patients who had received oral vitamin D in the preceding two weeks, or vitamin D injection in the preceding six months).

Results: Among the 50 patients, 86% were vitamin D deficient, with a mean deficiency of 23.54. Vitamin D deficiency is most common in the age groups 41-50 years and >60 years, with the mean age group of 51.49 years. The left side is more involved than the right in vitamin D-deficient patients. Most patients were moderately and poorly differentiated, suggesting a significant association between vitamin D deficiency and tumor differentiation. Almost half the patients were estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2/neu) status negative with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was highest in Her-2/neu amplified, luminal A, and B patients. The mean lymph node-positive participants was 4.04, and the mean number of lymph nodes extracted was 15.58 in vitamin D-deficient breast cancer patients.

Conclusion: The prevalence of low vitamin D status was high among breast cancer patients. There is an association between vitamin D deficiency and tumors with poor prognostic features. Low vitamin D levels were considered a risk factor for ER, PR, and Her-2/neu-negative tumors along with positive lymph node status in breast cancer patients. Vitamin D status is a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. Thus, it is concluded from this study that vitamin D has a potential role in the prevention of breast cancer, it may reduce its aggressiveness, and its deficiency is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

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About this publication.

The Di Bella's Method: Use of Vitamin D analogues and/or derivatives (together with others chemical compounds) in Breast Cancer:

- The Synergism of Somatostatin, Melatonin, Vitamins Prolactin and Estrogen Inhibitors Increased Survival, Objective Response and Performance Status In 297 Cases of Breast Cancer;

- Complete objective response, stable for 5 years, with the Di Bella Method, of multiple-metastatic carcinoma of the breast;

- Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the first-line treatment with somatostatin combined with melatonin, retinoids, vitamin D3, and low doses of cyclophosphamide in 20 cases of breast cancer: a preliminary report;

- The Di Bella Method (DBM) improved survival, objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 122 cases of breast cancer;

- Complete objective response to biological therapy of plurifocal breast carcinoma;

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Dihydrotachysterol, Alfacalcidol, synthetic Vitamin D3);

- Vitamin D (analogues and/or derivatives) and cancer - In vitro, review and in vivo publications;

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Calcium, 2 grams per day, orally);

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Somatostatin, Octreotide, Sandostatin LAR, analogues and/or derivatives);

- Somatostatin in oncology, the overlooked evidences - In vitro, review and in vivo publications;

- Publication, 2018 Jul: Over-Expression of GH/GHR in Breast Cancer and Oncosuppressor Role of Somatostatin as a Physiological Inhibitor (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2018 Sep: The over-expression of GH/GHR in tumour tissues with respect to healthy ones confirms its oncogenic role and the consequent oncosuppressor role of its physiological inhibitor, somatostatin: a review of the literature (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2019 Aug: The Entrapment of Somatostatin in a Lipid Formulation: Retarded Release and Free Radical Reactivity (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2019 Sep: Effects of Somatostatin and Vitamin C on the Fatty Acid Profile of Breast Cancer Cell Membranes (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2019 Sep: Effects of somatostatin, curcumin, and quercetin on the fatty acid profile of breast cancer cell membranes (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- Publication, 2020 Sep: Two neuroendocrine G protein-coupled receptor molecules, somatostatin and melatonin: Physiology of signal transduction and therapeutic perspectives (from Di Bella's Foundation);

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Bromocriptine and/or Cabergoline);

- Prolactin inhibitors in oncology - In vitro, review and in vivo publications;

- The Di Bella Method (A Fixed Part - Cyclophosphamide 50mg tablets and/or Hydroxyurea 500mg tablets, one or two per day);

The Di Bella's Method: Use of Vitamin D analogues and/or derivatives - together with others chemical compounds - in several Oncological Pathologies:

- The Synergism of Somatostatin, Melatonin, Vitamins Prolactin and Estrogen Inhibitors Increased Survival, Objective Response and Performance Status In 297 Cases of Breast Cancer;

- Complete objective response, stable for 5 years, with the Di Bella Method, of multiple-metastatic carcinoma of the breast;

- The Di Bella Method (DBM) improved survival, objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 122 cases of breast cancer;

- Complete objective response to biological therapy of plurifocal breast carcinoma;

- A retrospective observational study on cases of anaplastic brain tumors treated with the Di Bella Method: A rationale and effectiveness;

- Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme (grade IV – WHO 2007): a case of complete objective response achieved by means of the concomitant administration of Somatostatin and Octreotide – Retinoids – Vitamin E – Vitamin D3 – Vitamin C – Melatonin – D2 R agonists (Di Bella Method – DBM) associated with Temozolomide;

- The Di Bella Method DBM improved survival objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 23 tumours of the head and neck;

- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Long-Lasting Remission with Combination of Cyclophosphamide, Somatostatin, Bromocriptine, Retinoids, Melatonin, and ACTH;

- Somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with low performance status;

- Somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and low performance status;

- Observations on the Report of a case of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with lymph node, hepatic and osseus metastasis;

- Pleural Mesothelioma: clinical records on 11 patients treated with Di Bella's Method;